@article {629,
	title = {Histology of Convergent Probing Appendages in Mormyridae},
	journal = {Integrative Organismal Biology},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2023},
	month = {Jan-01-2023},
	abstract = {<p><jats p="">Mormyridae is an early diverging family of Teleostean fishes that produce an electric field for navigation and communication using an electric organ. This clade has a diverse array of soft-tissue rostral appendages, such as the chin-swelling, the Schnauzenorgan, and the tubesnout combined with a Schnauzenorgan, that have evolved multiple times. Here we assess if macroscopically convergent, soft-tissue rostral appendages are also histologically convergent. Further, we investigate how the histology of these appendages can inform their function. We sampled independent gains of the chin-swelling and Schnauzenorgan to understand similarities and differences in their anatomies. We show that macroscopically convergent rostral appendages are also convergent at a histological level, and different types of rostral appendages share a similar anatomy; that said, minor differences likely relate to their specific functions. Based on a comparison of the skeletal muscle distribution and the differing attachment shapes of each appendage to the dentary, we conclude that the Schnauzenorgan is capable of a wider range of movements than the chin swelling. Furthermore, the anatomy suggests that these soft-tissue rostral appendages likely function as electrosensory foveas (i.e., an appendage that focuses a sensory system). Lastly, these histological data support the hypothesis that the chin swelling may be a precursor to the Schnauzenorgan.</jats></p>
},
	issn = {2517-4843},
	doi = {10.1093/iob/obad001},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iob/obad001},
	author = {Rose Peterson and Evans, A J and Hernandez, L P}
}
@article {599,
	title = {The fishes and fisheries of the Ruaha River basin, Tanzania (systematics, ecology, zoogeography, fisheries)},
	year = {1967},
	pages = {19 pp.},
	institution = {East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization},
	address = {Jinja, Uganda},
	author = {Matthes, H.}
}
@inbook {121,
	title = {Catalogue of the Fresh-Water Fishes of Africa in the British Museum (Natural History)},
	booktitle = {Catalogue of the Fresh-Water Fishes of Africa in the British Museum (Natural History)},
	volume = {I},
	year = {1909},
	pages = {29-145},
	publisher = {British Museum (Natural History)},
	organization = {British Museum (Natural History)},
	address = {London},
	url = {https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37889609},
	author = {George A. Boulenger}
}
@article {608,
	title = {A revision of the genera and species of fishes of the family Mormyridae},
	journal = {Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London},
	volume = {1898},
	number = {Part 4},
	year = {1899},
	pages = {775-821},
	url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97095$\#$page/919/mode/1up},
	author = {George A. Boulenger}
}
@article {656,
	title = {The fishes of Lake Nyasa (other than Cichlidae)},
	journal = {Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London},
	volume = {103, Pt. 2},
	year = {1933},
	month = {06/1933},
	pages = {285{\textendash}316},
	author = {Worthington, E.B.}
}
@book {159,
	title = {The Mormyridae and other Osteoglossomorpha (CD-ROM)},
	series = {World Biodiversity Database, CD-ROM Series},
	volume = {2000},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Springer Verlag, ETI-UNESCO},
	organization = {Springer Verlag, ETI-UNESCO},
	address = {New York},
	issn = {Hyb: 3-540-14811-6},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Mormyridae-Osteoglossomorpha-Biodiversity-Database-CD-ROM/dp/3540148116},
	author = {Harder, W.}
}
