@article {622,
	title = {The electric organ of a mormyrid as a current and voltage source},
	journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology A},
	volume = {110},
	year = {1976},
	month = {Jan-01-1976},
	pages = {65-88},
	abstract = {<p>We have examined how the electric organ discharge (EOD) of a mormyrid (Gnathonemus petersii) is affected by changes in resistive load (Figs. 3, 4, 5). We have also shown how this load depends on resistivity and distance to non-conducting boundaries (Figs. 10, 11). When resistive load was varied, voltage and current were related in a linear, battery-like manner for the initial, head positive phase of the EOD (Figs. 4, 5). This linear relation made it possible to estimate first phase e.m.f, and source resistance. For the second, head negative phase, however, voltage rose to a peak and then fell as resistance increased. Furthermore, the waveform of the second but not the first phase was strongly affected by load changes. These second phase features were shown to reflect a dependence of second phase e.m.f, on first phase current. A linear and battery-like relation between second phase voltage and current was seen when first phase load was held constant while varying second phase load (Fig. 6). These results on the behavior of the whole electric organ can be understood in terms of the underlying properties of the cellular generators, the electrocytes</p>
},
	keywords = {conductivity, electrocyte, EOD, eod waveform},
	issn = {0302-9824},
	doi = {10.1007/bf00656782},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00656782},
	author = {Bell, C. C. and Bradbury, J. and Russell, C. J.}
}
@article {412,
	title = {The electric organ discharges of the Petrocephalus species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) of the Upper Volta System},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	volume = {74},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	note = {395IDTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:40},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {54-76},
	abstract = {<p>In this study, a first comparative investigation of all four species of Petrocephalus (P. bovei, P. bane, P. soudanensis and P. cf. pallidomaculatus) present in the Upper Volta system and their electric organ discharges (EOD) was conducted. It was found that P. bovei was the most widespread (in terms of habitat use), but in several places P. bovei, P. soudanensis and P. cf. pallidomaculatus occurred syntopically. All species emitted a triphasic signal, and with very few exceptions, the Petrocephalus species of the Upper Volta system could clearly be identified on the basis of their EOD waveforms. The most obvious differences between species in EOD waveforms were in amplitude of the last phase, total duration and fast Fourier transformation (FFT) peak frequency. No sexual dimorphism was present in the EOD of any species although external dimorphism, i.e. an indentation at the base of the anal fin of mature males, was common. The EOD waveform diversity in the Upper Volta principally resembled that found in four sympatric Petrocephalus species from the OgoouE system (Gabon) and might play a role in species recognition and speciation processes.</p>
},
	keywords = {active electrolocation, central-africa, communication, eod waveform, fishes mormyridae, gnathonemus-petersii mormyridae, osteoglossomorpha, pendjari, pollimyrus-isidori, recognition, sex-differences, speciation, variability, water conductivity, weakly electric fish, west africa},
	isbn = {0022-1112},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000262516900004},
	author = {Moritz, T. and Engelmann, J. and Linsenmair, K. E. and G. von der Emde}
}
